A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / X-Z
aboon prep, adv • rare
alto n • now rare exc in place names
ambacker juice n • rare
aneath prep • rare
bindle n • [..Engl dial bindle is rare..]
blanc-bec n • rare or obs
blaze-faced shirt n • rare
blugeons n • rare
bodaciously adv • Also rare or obs pronc-spp bardaciously,..
bonnyclabber n • Also barney clapper (rare)
chance n B2 • old-fash, rare
contrite v • rare
controverse v • rare
dash away v phr • [..rare in colloq speech..]
drumly adj, adv • rare
-es suff1 2 • pl nouns on which the “double plurals” are based..reanalyzed as singulars
fool n1 1 • [Reanalysis of the proverb A fool for luck and a poor man for children..]
have adj • [By reanalysis of behave as be + have]
like vbl aux E2b • reanalysis of the idiom as like to adv [=“nearly”] + past tense verb
master hand n • [..perh reanalysis of master hand the hand of the master..]
offals n pl • [Prob by reanalysis of offal as mass noun..]
pitysake n • [By reanalysis of the phr for pity’s sake]
some kind of adv phr • [Prob from..some kind of “a remarkable instance of” through reanalysis..]
swan v • [Reanalysis of Scots, nEngl dial I’se warn..]
swanny v • [Reanalysis of Scots dial I’se warn ye..] (MAP)
-a (pronc) • [..perh from earlier [aɪ], altered when word-final stress was reduced..]
ahold n • [Prob a indef art, now usu reduced to inert vowel + hold..]
another-guess adj • [..reduced from anothergets, anothergates..]
anti-over n, exclam • [Reduced from Antony-over]
at v • [Reduced from to go at or similar phr]
bar n4 • [Reduced form of barrow n2]
cratch v • [Reduction of scratch]
-es suff1 3b • for words in which the cons cluster has been reduced to [s]
-es suff1 1b • for words in which the consonant clusters have been reduced to [s]
escavation n • [Var of excavation by cons cluster reduction]
fay knight exclam • [Perh reduced from “(on the) faith of a knight”..]
go v B • Note: It is possible that in some cases the to has been lost by phonetic reduction
have v2 (pronc) • [..have is freq reduced to [ə] (pronc-spp coulda,..)]
hi-ya exclam • [Reduced from How are you?]
hike v 1a • Forms ending in -em, -er, -et may be hike plus reduced pronoun
hussy n1 • [Reduced forms of housewife..]
i prep • [By reduction of by in exclam phrr by God, by Jesus and varr ..]
ice potato n • [Pronc-sp for Irish potato reflecting reduction of [ˈaɪrɪš > aɪš > aɪs]..]
look v A1 • [Reduced forms of look you, look ye..]
man n C2 • [..often with phonetically reduced forms..]
me adj • Phonetic reduction of [maɪ] to [mi, mɪ, mə]
mint adj • [Reduced from a mind..]
pumice n2 • [By reduction of..pumice stone..]
rifle gun n • [..phonetic reduction of rifled gun..]
swagger v • [Prob reduced from I shall wager..]
trough n A5 (pronc) • [Prob back-formation from [trɔz] as reduced form of [trɔvz] or [trɔðz]..]
yowwun n • [Prob reduced form of young one]
whilst conj • The sp whilse is here assumed to represent the reduction of the [st] consonant cluster
redundant; redundantly; also pleonastic; pleonastically
all anymore adj phr • [Redund: all adj2 + anymore]
all two adj, pron, conj • Also occas in redund phr all two both
at prep 4 • Used redundantly, usu at the end of a where clause
bare-naked adj • [Redund]
be v B2c • in contr I’m—used redund
bed blanket n • [Redund..]
beg on v phr • [beg + redund on prep]
best-goodest n • [Redund..]
bestmost n • [Redund best + -most]
Bible-book n • [Pleonastic formation]
bone felon n • [Redund bone + felon]
brogan n 1 • ..also redund comb brogan shoe..
cabbage kraut n • [Redund cpd]
cackle v • Also..redund cackle-laugh
catabias adj, adv • [Alter of cater- + pleonastic bias]
cot bed n • [Redund]
cowhanded adj • [cow alter of car left-handed, awkward; from Gael and Ir cearr + (redund) handed;..]
cramp-colic n • [Redund]
disregardless adj, adv • [Redund..]
door shutter n • [Redund]
dry drought n • [Redund..]
dusty miller n 5 • [redund dusty + miller..]
-ed suff 1 • added redundantly to the std past and past ppl of regular verbs
-ed suff 6 • added redundantly to adjs formed from nouns + ed
-en suff5 • [..orig added redundantly to existing verbs in ME..]
engineerman n • [Redund]
fail out v phr • [fail + redund out perh by analogy with flunk out]
fettiglich n • [Prob Ger fettig fatty, greasy + redund lich -ly]
finally at last adv phr • [Redund]
for prep B4b • To form pleonastic or mildly intensive adj phrr–usu with certain, sure, true, and similar adjs.
free gratis adv phr • [Redund..]
gald v • [Back-formation from galded, pleonastic past pple of gall..]
gnat-fly n • [Redund..]
go v A4d • in phr going to + infin (rarely with redund to): pronc-spp gointa,..
grape-vineyard n • [Redund..]
hair wig n • [Redund..]
half in two adv phr, adj phr • [Redund..]
hand man n • [Redund hand n B1 + man]
hardly adv A1 • Used with redundant negative
have v2 • Used redundantly in counter-factual constrs
hawk-bird n • [Redund..]
he pron 1 • Used redundantly with a noun subject
hound dog n • [Redund..]
horse beast • [Redund..]
humpknot • [Redund..]
-ify suff • often added pleonastically to verbs
-ing suff B2 • Added redundantly to vbl nouns or progressive forms of verbs
it pron C2 • Used redundantly immediately following a noun subject
jag v1 A1 • occas pleonastic jugged
jailhouse n • [Redund..] (MAP)
jig load n • [Var of jag n2 1a + redund load]
kill v C1 • used with redundant or emphatic adverbs, esp out, up
kill v C2 • [Redund..]
leastest adj • [Redund..]
let v B1 • in redund phrr let’s us (or we)
lightwood n1 • also in redund combs lighter(d)-wood (MAP)
like v1 B • pleonastic lakted, likeded, likted
man-person n • [Redund..]
manzana apple n • [Redund; Span manzana apple]
me pron 3a • redundant
me pron 3b • Redundantly (with transitive verbs)
-ment suff B • freq redund
mirror glass n • [Redund..]
money miser n • [Redund..]
nary adj 1 • comb nary a one (with pleonastic article) (MAP)
noggin-head n • [Redund]
nohow adv 1 • usu used redundantly to emphasize a negation
none pron Bb • often used redundantly after a negation
nowheres adv • often used with redund negative
of prep B • Used redund
often usually adv phr • [Redund..]
on prep B2 • Used redund
ought v C2a • rarely foll by pleonastic neg
outen prep 1 • Occas with redund of
pail n 3 • in redund comb pail bucket
pillow beer n • rarely, redund pillibear case
pistol gun n • [Redund..]
pneumonia fever n • [Redund]
poke n1 1a • redund poke bag (or sack)
prod pole n • [Redund] (MAP)
-s suff3 • Used as a redundant plural-forming suffix
she n 1b • occas used redundantly
she pron 1 • Used redundantly with a noun subject
–some suff • Added freq pleonastically to adjectives themselves
spitting image n • [..also interpreted early as redund spit n1 1 + image..]
still adv 1 • followed directly or indirectly by redundant yet
that conj C1b(1) • From the perspective of std grammar, the anaphoric element in all these exx is simply
redundant.
theirn pron • rarely redund theirns, theirs’n
to prep B1b • Used redundantly at the end of a where clause
tooth dentist n • [Redund..] (MAP)
trout-fish n • [Redund for trout..]
us pron B2b • Used redundantly to indicate that the speaker’s advantage is concerned
what adv • Used as a redundant relative after comparative conjs than, as
you pron1 B2 • Used pleonastically, indicating that the advantage of the person(s) addressed is concerned
blab-blab n • [Redup form of blab one who gossips or chatters]
buddy-buddy n • [Redup of buddy n]
crinklety adj • Also redup form crinklety-cranklety
de-de phr • [Prob redup of de var of there..]
deh adv • ..redup dey-dey..
dibble n • ..redup dibble-dabble
dribs and drabs n pl • [Redup from drib]
drip-drop n • [Redup]
drizzle-drazzle n • [Redup of drizzle]
drizzle-fizzle n • [Redup of drizzle, with added sense of fizzle a failure]
even-even adj • [Redup for intensification..]
fam-fam n • [Creole redup form of Fr faim hunger]
filfil v • [Redup form of fill, prob infl by fulfill]
fizzle-dizzle n • [fizzle carbonated water + dizzle redup]
flang-dang n • [Redup var of fling; cf whing-ding]
flimsy-flamsy adj • [Perh redup of flimsy frivolous, superficial]
fritter-fretter n • [Redup of fretter]
frivle-fravle n • [Redup of frivol]
fuzz-buzz n • [Redup form of fuzz; infl by fussbudget and varr]
fuzzy-guzzy n • [Redup of fuzzy]
fuzzy-wuzzy n • [Redup of fuzzy]
hinky dinky n • [Redup of dinky n1 1]
hishy-hash(y) n • [By redup from hash..]
hoity-toity adj • [Redup]
hokey-pokey n3 • [Redup var of pokey jail..]
holo v • Also redup holoholo
hotty-dotty n • [Redup..]
huffjuff n • [Perh huff..+juff redup..]
jeezy-peezy intj • [Redup euphem for Jesus (Christ)]
jib-job lot n • [Perh redup of job lot..]
kini n • Also redup kinikini
kulikuli v • [Haw; redup of kuli noise]
lomi v • Also redup lomilomi
lomi salmon n • Also redup lomilomi (salmon)
moly, holy exclam • [Redup var of Holy Moses..]
nicey-nice adj • [Redup]
one-one adv, adj, n • [Redup]
ownty do(w)nty n, adj phr • [Redup]
palsy-walsy adj, n • [Redup of palsy]
Rackensack n • [By metath, redup..]
skitter-skatter adv • [Redup]
ula-ula n • [Haw redup `ula red]
all to adv • relic
alongst prep • relic
antem n • relic
appoint v (pronc) • old-fash or relic
as prep C • relic
asarabacca n • now prob relic in Appalachians or obs
battle-hammed adj • chiefly among Black speakers; relic
ben n1 • relic
blutter adj • relic
bolden v, adj • relic
cark v • relic
child n A2 (pronc) • relic
coast n 2 • relic
coonskin n1 • [Perh a relic from the fur trade..]
crowner n2 • relic
devise v • relic
disgust v • relic
dress v 6 • [..perh simply aphet form..rather than a relic]
drill v1 • relic
duke v • relic
dunt adj • relic
enjoy v B1 • relic
farce v • relic
fixen n • relic
grindlestone n • relic
hicket n • ?relic
hustlement n • relic
lackaday intj • relic
laxed ppl adj • [..here perh a relic..]
long v B1 • relic
methinks v • relic
month n D • relic
pightle n • relic
-s suff6 • [Relic of the Ger genitive ending used in certain expressions of time]
stile v • relic
stint v • relic
swarp n 2 • relic
tundish n • relic
reversed compound; reversal (See also metathesis)
alder tag n • [Reversal of tag alder]
backswitch n • [Reversed compound..]
band rubber n • [Reversed compound..]
everhow adv • [Reversed cpd]
everwhat pron • [Reversed cpd]
everwhen pron • [Reversed cpd]
everwhere pron • [Reversed cpd]
everwhich pron • [Reversed cpd]
everwho pron • [Reversed cpd]
fallover n • [Reversed cpd < overfall..]
friend-girl n • [Reversed compound..]
jawlock n • [Reversed compound..]
layway v • [Reversed compound..]
lookout n • [..but perh reversed compound..]
look over v phr • [..but perh reversed compound..]
maid’s bride n • [Reversed compound; cf bridesmaid..]
offcast n • [OED 1587 ➝; but perh reversed compound..]
outlay n • [Prob reversed compound..]
overlay n • [Reversed compound..]
pour-down n • [Reversed cpd]
same old six and seven, the phr • [..the reverse order is prob due to the infl of at sixes and sevens..]
bandudelums n pl • RI
bastard broadbill n • esp NY, RI
brava n • seMA, RI
cabinet n • RI, seMA
cade n • seMA, sRI
closet n 1 • chiefly Nth, esp RI
cob pie n • RI
conquedle n • NEng, esp RI
cracky benders n • CT, RI
dandle n • chiefly wRI
dog grass n 1 • chiefly NEast, esp RI
driftway n • NEng, now esp RI
eaceworm n • chiefly sNEng, esp RI
election day n • MA, RI
horn v 3 • VT, RI
milk shake n 1 • esp MA, RI
New York system n • RI
pooquaw n • MA, RI
quahog n (pronc) • chiefly RI |ˈkwɔhɔg|
quahog n 1 • chiefly N Atl coast, esp MA, RI (MAP)
squin n • esp RI
stuffie n • esp RI
wandi(e) n • RI
tug n 2 • Block Is. RI
craw hammer n • [By rhotacism, from claw hammer]
frail n • [Engl dial, var of flail by rhotacism]
hagger v • [By rhotacism from haggle]
scutter n2 • [By rhotacism from scuttle]
tattertale n, v • [By rhotacism from tattletale]
winkle-hawk n • by rhotacism rinkerhawk (MAP)
alkalied adj • West, esp Rocky Mts
barrow pit n 1 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts (MAP and Map Section)
belly-buster n, adv 1 • chiefly W Midl, Rocky Mts, NW (MAP)
black ice n 2 • chiefly NEast, Rocky Mts and Pacific, esp WA, OR
blue grouse n 1 • NW, Rocky Mts
*buck n1 4 • chiefly Nth, N Midl exc Rocky Mts, NW (MAP)
cat’s-breeches n • West, esp Rocky Mts, NW
cavvy n • West, esp Rocky Mts
*cellar n1 B2 • widespread, but least freq Plains States, Rocky Mts (MAP)
cut n 1a • chiefly east of Rocky Mts
derrick n • chiefly Rocky Mts
*earthworm n • widespread exc Rocky Mts, Upper MW; esp freq Sth (MAP)
forget-me-not n 1g • chiefly Rocky Mts
fox and geese n 2 • chiefly Nth, N Midl, Plains States, Rocky Mts (MAP)
gopher n1 2b(1) • chiefly N Cent, Upper MW, Rocky Mts
gray jay n • esp Rocky Mts, Pacific NW
hard-rock n • West, esp Rocky Mts
hay corral n • chiefly Rocky Mts, West
*hull n B2a(1) • widespread, but less freq Nth, Rocky Mts (MAP and Map Section)
Indian potato n i • esp Rocky Mts
kokanee (salmon) n • West, esp AK, NW, Rocky Mts
Mackinaw trout n • chiefly Gt Lakes, Rocky Mts
*median (strip) n 1a • widespread exc Pacific, Rocky Mts, LA, MS (MAP)
Mormon cricket n • chiefly Rocky Mts
mountain dandelion n • Rocky Mts, Pacific
mountain hedge n • Rocky Mts
mountain spray n • chiefly Rocky Mts
mutual n • chiefly Rocky Mts, Desert SW
nigger heaven n 1 • chiefly Nth, Plains States, Rocky Mts, CA (MAP)
overshot adj • esp NW, Rocky Mts
park n 1 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts
pom-pom-pullaway n • chiefly Gt Lakes, Upper MW, Plains States, Rocky Mts, sCA (MAP)
prod pole n • chiefly Rocky Mts, SW (MAP)
quail n 1 • formerly chiefly NEng; now widespread east of Rocky Mts
rockchuck n • NW, Rocky Mts
sage chicken n • esp Rocky Mts
sage hen n1 • Pacific, Rocky Mts
serviceberry n • chiefly S Midl, Pacific NW, Rocky Mts (MAP)
sheep wagon n • chiefly Rocky Mts
sheepherder n • chiefly Rocky Mts, Pacific
sic ’em, not to know v phr • chiefly Inland Nth, esp Pacific NW, Rocky Mts, Upper MW (MAP)
snoose n1 • chiefly Pacific NW, Rocky Mts, Upper MW, WI (MAP)
snow lily n • esp Rocky Mts
sugan n 2 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts, SW (MAP)
*trace n2 • widespread, but less freq Inland Nth, Cent, Rocky Mts, nCA (MAP)
wattle n2 • West, esp Rocky Mts (MAP)
wood tick n 1 • scattered, but esp freq Nth, N Midl, Rocky Mts, Pacific; also W Midl (MAP)
cove n2 • [Brit cove chap, bloke, prob from Romany kova thing, person]
a prep1 5 • chiefly among less educ and rural speakers; somewhat old-fash
animal n B1 • euphem, esp among rural and male speakers; somewhat old-fash
aristocratic adj • rural, old-fash
ass-end-to adv phr • rural (MAP)
boat n 1 • old-fash, rural
bog hoe n • rural
crock n1 2 • rural, old-fash
draw v B1 • chiefly among rural speakers, male speakers, and speakers with little formal educ, drawed
draw v B2 • chiefly among rural speakers, male speakers, and speakers with little formal educ, drew
draw v B2 • chiefly among rural speakers and speakers with little formal educ, drawed
-ed suff 2 • more freq among rural speakers, males, and speakers with less than hs educ
-ed suff 5 • esp among rural Infs with less than hs educ
elm n (pronc) • esp freq among men and among rural Infs, somewhat old-fash |ˈɛləm|
ewe n (pronc) • esp in rural areas, somewhat old-fash
face fly n • chiefly rural
fais-dodo n • rural
farm n 3 • chiefly rural
home demonstration n • esp in rural areas
home economic(s) club n • rural
hop v1 1 • rural (MAP)
plague v C1 • somewhat old-fash; esp freq in rural areas
raising n 1 • chiefly rural (MAP)
rogue n 1 • esp freq among rural speakers and speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
see v B2c • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ
see v B3a • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ
seven-up n 1 • chiefly among rural speakers and those with little formal educ
sit v1 2a • chiefly rural
sit v1 2b • chiefly rural; esp freq among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
sit v1 3a • chiefly rural
sit v1 3b • chiefly rural (MAP)
spoil v B • now esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ
sugar diabetes n • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ
sumac n (pronc) • esp Sth, S Midl chiefly rural |ˈšume(ɪ)k|
swim v A1a • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
swim v A1b • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
swim v A1c • esp freq among older rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
swim v A2a • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
swim v A2b • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
thisaway adv • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)
wagon wheel n 2 • esp among older speakers, rural speakers, and speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
washboard n 1 • esp freq among rural speakers, older speakers, and those with little formal educ (MAP)
wear v B3b • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)
wheelbarrow n 2 (pronc) • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)
whinny n, v 1 • esp among older, rural speakers with little formal educ (MAP)
widow n B2 • esp among rural speakers and among those with little formal educ (MAP)
babushka n • [Russ “grandmother”]
banya n • [Russ]
barabara n • [Russ]
bidar n • [Russ baidara, dimin baidarka]
borsch n • [From Russ borshch]
chy n • [Russ]
kielbasa n • [..Russ kolbasa]
moroshka n • [Russ moroshka]
nushnik n • [Russ nuzhnik]
pascha n • [Appar transf from Russ paskha Easter..]
petrushki n • [Russ petrushka parsley]
pirok n • [Russ pirog pie]
piroshki n • [Russ pirozhki, pl of pirozhok, dimin of pirog; cf pirok]
Russki n • [Russ Russkiy..]
sarana n • [Russ sarana, of Tatar orig]
-sky suff • [Appar in imitation of Russ (or other Slavic) names or other words ending with this element..]
tschawytscha n • [Russ < Kamchatkan..]