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rare

      aboon prep, adv • rare

      alto n • now rare exc in place names

      ambacker juice n • rare

      aneath prep • rare

      bindle n • [..Engl dial bindle is rare..]

      blanc-bec n • rare or obs

      blaze-faced shirt n • rare

      blugeons n • rare

      bodaciously adv • Also rare or obs pronc-spp bardaciously,..

      bonnyclabber n • Also barney clapper (rare)

      chance n B2 • old-fash, rare

      contrite v • rare

      controverse v • rare

      dash away v phr • [..rare in colloq speech..]

      drumly adj, adv • rare

reanalysis; reanalyzed

      -es suff1 2 • pl nouns on which the “double plurals” are based..reanalyzed as singulars

      fool n1 1 • [Reanalysis of the proverb A fool for luck and a poor man for children..]

      have adj • [By reanalysis of behave as be + have]

      like vbl aux E2b • reanalysis of the idiom as like to adv [=“nearly”] + past tense verb

      master hand n • [..perh reanalysis of master hand the hand of the master..]

      offals n pl • [Prob by reanalysis of offal as mass noun..]

      pitysake n • [By reanalysis of the phr for pity’s sake]

      some kind of adv phr • [Prob from..some kind of “a remarkable instance of” through reanalysis..]

      swan v • [Reanalysis of Scots, nEngl dial I’se warn..]

      swanny v • [Reanalysis of Scots dial I’se warn ye..] (MAP)

reduced; reduction

      -a (pronc) • [..perh from earlier [aɪ], altered when word-final stress was reduced..]

      ahold n • [Prob a indef art, now usu reduced to inert vowel + hold..]

      another-guess adj • [..reduced from anothergets, anothergates..]

      anti-over n, exclam • [Reduced from Antony-over]

      at v • [Reduced from to go at or similar phr]

      bar n4 • [Reduced form of barrow n2]

      cratch v • [Reduction of scratch]

      -es suff1 3b • for words in which the cons cluster has been reduced to [s]

      -es suff1 1b • for words in which the consonant clusters have been reduced to [s]

      escavation n • [Var of excavation by cons cluster reduction]

      fay knight exclam • [Perh reduced from “(on the) faith of a knight”..]

      go v B • Note: It is possible that in some cases the to has been lost by phonetic reduction

      have v2 (pronc) • [..have is freq reduced to [ə] (pronc-spp coulda,..)]

      hi-ya exclam • [Reduced from How are you?]

      hike v 1a • Forms ending in -em, -er, -et may be hike plus reduced pronoun

      hussy n1 • [Reduced forms of housewife..]

      i prep • [By reduction of by in exclam phrr by God, by Jesus and varr ..]

      ice potato n • [Pronc-sp for Irish potato reflecting reduction of [ˈaɪrɪš > aɪš > aɪs]..]

      look v A1 • [Reduced forms of look you, look ye..]

      man n C2 • [..often with phonetically reduced forms..]

      me adj • Phonetic reduction of [maɪ] to [mi, mɪ, mə]

      mint adj • [Reduced from a mind..]

      pumice n2 • [By reduction of..pumice stone..]

      rifle gun n • [..phonetic reduction of rifled gun..]

      swagger v • [Prob reduced from I shall wager..]

      trough n A5 (pronc) • [Prob back-formation from [trɔz] as reduced form of [trɔvz] or [trɔðz]..]

      yowwun n • [Prob reduced form of young one]

      whilst conj • The sp whilse is here assumed to represent the reduction of the [st] consonant cluster

redundant; redundantly; also pleonastic; pleonastically

      all anymore adj phr • [Redund: all adj2 + anymore]

      all two adj, pron, conj • Also occas in redund phr all two both

      at prep 4 • Used redundantly, usu at the end of a where clause

      bare-naked adj • [Redund]

      be v B2c • in contr I’m—used redund

      bed blanket n • [Redund..]

      beg on v phr • [beg + redund on prep]

      best-goodest n • [Redund..]

      bestmost n • [Redund best + -most]

      Bible-book n • [Pleonastic formation]

      bone felon n • [Redund bone + felon]

      brogan n 1 • ..also redund comb brogan shoe..

      cabbage kraut n • [Redund cpd]

      cackle v • Also..redund cackle-laugh

      catabias adj, adv • [Alter of cater- + pleonastic bias]

      cot bed n • [Redund]

      cowhanded adj • [cow alter of car left-handed, awkward; from Gael and Ir cearr + (redund) handed;..]

      cramp-colic n • [Redund]

      disregardless adj, adv • [Redund..]

      door shutter n • [Redund]

      dry drought n • [Redund..]

      dusty miller n 5 • [redund dusty + miller..]

      -ed suff 1 • added redundantly to the std past and past ppl of regular verbs

      -ed suff 6 • added redundantly to adjs formed from nouns + ed

      -en suff5 • [..orig added redundantly to existing verbs in ME..]

      engineerman n • [Redund]

      fail out v phr • [fail + redund out perh by analogy with flunk out]

      fettiglich n • [Prob Ger fettig fatty, greasy + redund lich -ly]

      finally at last adv phr • [Redund]

      for prep B4b • To form pleonastic or mildly intensive adj phrr–usu with certain, sure, true, and similar adjs.

      free gratis adv phr • [Redund..]

      gald v • [Back-formation from galded, pleonastic past pple of gall..]

      gnat-fly n • [Redund..]

      go v A4d • in phr going to + infin (rarely with redund to): pronc-spp gointa,..

      grape-vineyard n • [Redund..]

      hair wig n • [Redund..]

      half in two adv phr, adj phr • [Redund..]

      hand man n • [Redund hand n B1 + man]

      hardly adv A1 • Used with redundant negative

      have v2 • Used redundantly in counter-factual constrs

      hawk-bird n • [Redund..]

      he pron 1 • Used redundantly with a noun subject

      hound dog n • [Redund..]

      horse beast • [Redund..]

      humpknot • [Redund..]

      -ify suff • often added pleonastically to verbs

      -ing suff B2 • Added redundantly to vbl nouns or progressive forms of verbs

      it pron C2 • Used redundantly immediately following a noun subject

      jag v1 A1 • occas pleonastic jugged

      jailhouse n • [Redund..] (MAP)

      jig load n • [Var of jag n2 1a + redund load]

      kill v C1 • used with redundant or emphatic adverbs, esp out, up

      kill v C2 • [Redund..]

      leastest adj • [Redund..]

      let v B1 • in redund phrr let’s us (or we)

      lightwood n1 • also in redund combs lighter(d)-wood (MAP)

      like v1 B • pleonastic lakted, likeded, likted

      man-person n • [Redund..]

      manzana apple n • [Redund; Span manzana apple]

      me pron 3a • redundant

      me pron 3b • Redundantly (with transitive verbs)

      -ment suff B • freq redund

      mirror glass n • [Redund..]

      money miser n • [Redund..]

      nary adj 1 • comb nary a one (with pleonastic article) (MAP)

      noggin-head n • [Redund]

      nohow adv 1 • usu used redundantly to emphasize a negation

       none pron Bb • often used redundantly after a negation

      nowheres adv • often used with redund negative

      of prep B • Used redund

      often usually adv phr • [Redund..]

      on prep B2 • Used redund

      ought v C2a • rarely foll by pleonastic neg

      outen prep 1 • Occas with redund of

      pail n 3 • in redund comb pail bucket

      pillow beer n • rarely, redund pillibear case

      pistol gun n • [Redund..]

      pneumonia fever n • [Redund]

      poke n1 1a • redund poke bag (or sack)

      prod pole n • [Redund] (MAP)

      -s suff3 • Used as a redundant plural-forming suffix

      she n 1b • occas used redundantly

      she pron 1 • Used redundantly with a noun subject

      –some suff • Added freq pleonastically to adjectives themselves

      spitting image n • [..also interpreted early as redund spit n1 1 + image..]

      still adv 1 • followed directly or indirectly by redundant yet

      that conj C1b(1) • From the perspective of std grammar, the anaphoric element in all these exx is simply
redundant.

      theirn pron • rarely redund theirns, theirs’n

      to prep B1b • Used redundantly at the end of a where clause

      tooth dentist n • [Redund..] (MAP)

      trout-fish n • [Redund for trout..]

      us pron B2b • Used redundantly to indicate that the speaker’s advantage is concerned

      what adv • Used as a redundant relative after comparative conjs than, as

      you pron1 B2 • Used pleonastically, indicating that the advantage of the person(s) addressed is concerned

reduplicated; reduplication

      blab-blab n • [Redup form of blab one who gossips or chatters]

      buddy-buddy n • [Redup of buddy n]

      crinklety adj • Also redup form crinklety-cranklety

      de-de phr • [Prob redup of de var of there..]

      deh adv • ..redup dey-dey..

      dibble n • ..redup dibble-dabble

      dribs and drabs n pl • [Redup from drib]

      drip-drop n • [Redup]

      drizzle-drazzle n • [Redup of drizzle]

      drizzle-fizzle n • [Redup of drizzle, with added sense of fizzle a failure]

      even-even adj • [Redup for intensification..]

      fam-fam n • [Creole redup form of Fr faim hunger]

      filfil v • [Redup form of fill, prob infl by fulfill]

      fizzle-dizzle n • [fizzle carbonated water + dizzle redup]

      flang-dang n • [Redup var of fling; cf whing-ding]

      flimsy-flamsy adj • [Perh redup of flimsy frivolous, superficial]

      fritter-fretter n • [Redup of fretter]

      frivle-fravle n • [Redup of frivol]

      fuzz-buzz n • [Redup form of fuzz; infl by fussbudget and varr]

      fuzzy-guzzy n • [Redup of fuzzy]

      fuzzy-wuzzy n • [Redup of fuzzy]

      hinky dinky n • [Redup of dinky n1 1]

      hishy-hash(y) n • [By redup from hash..]

      hoity-toity adj • [Redup]

      hokey-pokey n3 • [Redup var of pokey jail..]

      holo v • Also redup holoholo

      hotty-dotty n • [Redup..]

      huffjuff n • [Perh huff..+juff redup..]

      jeezy-peezy intj • [Redup euphem for Jesus (Christ)]

      jib-job lot n • [Perh redup of job lot..]

      kini n • Also redup kinikini

      kulikuli v • [Haw; redup of kuli noise]

      lomi v • Also redup lomilomi

      lomi salmon n • Also redup lomilomi (salmon)

      moly, holy exclam • [Redup var of Holy Moses..]

      nicey-nice adj • [Redup]

      one-one adv, adj, n • [Redup]

      ownty do(w)nty n, adj phr • [Redup]

      palsy-walsy adj, n • [Redup of palsy]

      Rackensack n • [By metath, redup..]

      skitter-skatter adv • [Redup]

      ula-ula n • [Haw redup `ula red]

relic

      all to adv • relic

      alongst prep • relic

      antem n • relic

      appoint v (pronc) • old-fash or relic

      as prep C • relic

      asarabacca n • now prob relic in Appalachians or obs

      battle-hammed adj • chiefly among Black speakers; relic

      ben n1 • relic

      blutter adj • relic

      bolden v, adj • relic

      cark v • relic

      child n A2 (pronc) • relic

      coast n 2 • relic

      coonskin n1 • [Perh a relic from the fur trade..]

      crowner n2 • relic

      devise v • relic

      disgust v • relic

      dress v 6 • [..perh simply aphet form..rather than a relic]

      drill v1 • relic

      duke v • relic

      dunt adj • relic

      enjoy v B1 • relic

      farce v • relic

      fixen n • relic

      grindlestone n • relic

      hicket n • ?relic

      hustlement n • relic

      lackaday intj • relic

      laxed ppl adj • [..here perh a relic..]

      long v B1 • relic

      methinks v • relic

      month n D • relic

      pightle n • relic

      -s suff6 • [Relic of the Ger genitive ending used in certain expressions of time]

      stile v • relic

      stint v • relic

      swarp n 2 • relic

      tundish n • relic

reversed compound; reversal (See also metathesis)

      alder tag n • [Reversal of tag alder]

      backswitch n • [Reversed compound..]

      band rubber n • [Reversed compound..]

      everhow adv • [Reversed cpd]

      everwhat pron • [Reversed cpd]

      everwhen pron • [Reversed cpd]

      everwhere pron • [Reversed cpd]

      everwhich pron • [Reversed cpd]

      everwho pron • [Reversed cpd]

      fallover n • [Reversed cpd < overfall..]

      friend-girl n • [Reversed compound..]

      jawlock n • [Reversed compound..]

      layway v • [Reversed compound..]

      lookout n • [..but perh reversed compound..]

      look over v phr • [..but perh reversed compound..]

      maid’s bride n • [Reversed compound; cf bridesmaid..]

      offcast n • [OED 1587 ➝; but perh reversed compound..]

      outlay n • [Prob reversed compound..]

      overlay n • [Reversed compound..]

      pour-down n • [Reversed cpd]

reverse order

      same old six and seven, the phr • [..the reverse order is prob due to the infl of at sixes and sevens..]

Rhode Island

      bandudelums n pl • RI

      bastard broadbill n • esp NY, RI

      brava n • seMA, RI

      cabinet n • RI, seMA

      cade n • seMA, sRI

      closet n 1 • chiefly Nth, esp RI

      cob pie n • RI

      conquedle n • NEng, esp RI

      cracky benders n • CT, RI

      dandle n • chiefly wRI

      dog grass n 1 • chiefly NEast, esp RI

      driftway n • NEng, now esp RI

      eaceworm n • chiefly sNEng, esp RI

      election day n • MA, RI

      horn v 3 • VT, RI

      milk shake n 1 • esp MA, RI

      New York system n • RI

      pooquaw n • MA, RI

      quahog n (pronc) • chiefly RI |ˈkwɔhɔg|

      quahog n 1 • chiefly N Atl coast, esp MA, RI (MAP)

      squin n • esp RI

      stuffie n • esp RI

      wandi(e) n • RI

Rhode Island, Block Island

      tug n 2 • Block Is. RI

rhotacism

      craw hammer n • [By rhotacism, from claw hammer]

      frail n • [Engl dial, var of flail by rhotacism]

      hagger v • [By rhotacism from haggle]

      scutter n2 • [By rhotacism from scuttle]

      tattertale n, v • [By rhotacism from tattletale]

      winkle-hawk n • by rhotacism rinkerhawk (MAP)

Rocky Mountains

      alkalied adj • West, esp Rocky Mts

      barrow pit n 1 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts (MAP and Map Section)

      belly-buster n, adv 1 • chiefly W Midl, Rocky Mts, NW (MAP)

      black ice n 2 • chiefly NEast, Rocky Mts and Pacific, esp WA, OR

      blue grouse n 1 • NW, Rocky Mts

      *buck n1 4 • chiefly Nth, N Midl exc Rocky Mts, NW (MAP)

      cat’s-breeches n • West, esp Rocky Mts, NW

      cavvy n • West, esp Rocky Mts

      *cellar n1 B2 • widespread, but least freq Plains States, Rocky Mts (MAP)

      cut n 1a • chiefly east of Rocky Mts

      derrick n • chiefly Rocky Mts

      *earthworm n • widespread exc Rocky Mts, Upper MW; esp freq Sth (MAP)

      forget-me-not n 1g • chiefly Rocky Mts

      fox and geese n 2 • chiefly Nth, N Midl, Plains States, Rocky Mts (MAP)

      gopher n1 2b(1) • chiefly N Cent, Upper MW, Rocky Mts

      gray jay n • esp Rocky Mts, Pacific NW

      hard-rock n • West, esp Rocky Mts

      hay corral n • chiefly Rocky Mts, West

      *hull n B2a(1) • widespread, but less freq Nth, Rocky Mts (MAP and Map Section)

      Indian potato n i • esp Rocky Mts

      kokanee (salmon) n • West, esp AK, NW, Rocky Mts

      Mackinaw trout n • chiefly Gt Lakes, Rocky Mts

      *median (strip) n 1a • widespread exc Pacific, Rocky Mts, LA, MS (MAP)

      Mormon cricket n • chiefly Rocky Mts

      mountain dandelion n • Rocky Mts, Pacific

      mountain hedge n • Rocky Mts

      mountain spray n • chiefly Rocky Mts

      mutual n • chiefly Rocky Mts, Desert SW

      nigger heaven n 1 • chiefly Nth, Plains States, Rocky Mts, CA (MAP)

      overshot adj • esp NW, Rocky Mts

      park n 1 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts

      pom-pom-pullaway n • chiefly Gt Lakes, Upper MW, Plains States, Rocky Mts, sCA (MAP)

      prod pole n • chiefly Rocky Mts, SW (MAP)

      quail n 1 • formerly chiefly NEng; now widespread east of Rocky Mts

      rockchuck n • NW, Rocky Mts

      sage chicken n • esp Rocky Mts

      sage hen n1 • Pacific, Rocky Mts

      serviceberry n • chiefly S Midl, Pacific NW, Rocky Mts (MAP)

      sheep wagon n • chiefly Rocky Mts

      sheepherder n • chiefly Rocky Mts, Pacific

      sic ’em, not to know v phr • chiefly Inland Nth, esp Pacific NW, Rocky Mts, Upper MW (MAP)

      snoose n1 • chiefly Pacific NW, Rocky Mts, Upper MW, WI (MAP)

      snow lily n • esp Rocky Mts

      sugan n 2 • chiefly West, esp Rocky Mts, SW (MAP)

      *trace n2 • widespread, but less freq Inland Nth, Cent, Rocky Mts, nCA (MAP)

      wattle n2 • West, esp Rocky Mts (MAP)

      wood tick n 1 • scattered, but esp freq Nth, N Midl, Rocky Mts, Pacific; also W Midl (MAP)

Romany

      cove n2 • [Brit cove chap, bloke, prob from Romany kova thing, person]

rural

      a prep1 5 • chiefly among less educ and rural speakers; somewhat old-fash

      animal n B1 • euphem, esp among rural and male speakers; somewhat old-fash

      aristocratic adj • rural, old-fash

      ass-end-to adv phr • rural (MAP)

      boat n 1 • old-fash, rural

      bog hoe n • rural

      crock n1 2 • rural, old-fash

      draw v B1 • chiefly among rural speakers, male speakers, and speakers with little formal educ, drawed

      draw v B2 • chiefly among rural speakers, male speakers, and speakers with little formal educ, drew

      draw v B2 • chiefly among rural speakers and speakers with little formal educ, drawed

      -ed suff 2 • more freq among rural speakers, males, and speakers with less than hs educ

      -ed suff 5 • esp among rural Infs with less than hs educ

      elm n (pronc) • esp freq among men and among rural Infs, somewhat old-fash |ˈɛləm|

      ewe n (pronc) • esp in rural areas, somewhat old-fash

      face fly n • chiefly rural

      fais-dodo n • rural

      farm n 3 • chiefly rural

      home demonstration n • esp in rural areas

      home economic(s) club n • rural

      hop v1 1 • rural (MAP)

      plague v C1 • somewhat old-fash; esp freq in rural areas

      raising n 1 • chiefly rural (MAP)

      rogue n 1 • esp freq among rural speakers and speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      see v B2c • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ

      see v B3a • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ

      seven-up n 1 • chiefly among rural speakers and those with little formal educ

      sit v1 2a • chiefly rural

      sit v1 2b • chiefly rural; esp freq among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      sit v1 3a • chiefly rural

      sit v1 3b • chiefly rural (MAP)

      spoil v B • now esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ

      sugar diabetes n • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ

      sumac n (pronc) • esp Sth, S Midl chiefly rural |ˈšume(ɪ)k|

      swim v A1a • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      swim v A1b • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      swim v A1c • esp freq among older rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      swim v A2a • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      swim v A2b • esp freq among rural speakers and among speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      thisaway adv • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)

      wagon wheel n 2 • esp among older speakers, rural speakers, and speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      washboard n 1 • esp freq among rural speakers, older speakers, and those with little formal educ (MAP)

      wear v B3b • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)

      wheelbarrow n 2 (pronc) • esp freq among rural speakers and those with little formal educ (MAP)

      whinny n, v 1 • esp among older, rural speakers with little formal educ (MAP)

      widow n B2 • esp among rural speakers and among those with little formal educ (MAP)

Russian

      babushka n • [Russ “grandmother”]

      banya n • [Russ]

      barabara n • [Russ]

      bidar n • [Russ baidara, dimin baidarka]

      borsch n • [From Russ borshch]

      chy n • [Russ]

      kielbasa n • [..Russ kolbasa]

      moroshka n • [Russ moroshka]

      nushnik n • [Russ nuzhnik]

      pascha n • [Appar transf from Russ paskha Easter..]

      petrushki n • [Russ petrushka parsley]

      pirok n • [Russ pirog pie]

      piroshki n • [Russ pirozhki, pl of pirozhok, dimin of pirog; cf pirok]

      Russki n • [Russ Russkiy..]

      sarana n • [Russ sarana, of Tatar orig]

      -sky suff • [Appar in imitation of Russ (or other Slavic) names or other words ending with this element..]

      tschawytscha n • [Russ < Kamchatkan..]